Abnormal synergies and associated reactions post-hemiparetic stroke reflect muscle activation patterns of brainstem motor pathways

Individuals with moderate-to-severe post-stroke hemiparesis cannot control proximal and distal joints of the arm independently because they are constrained to stereotypical movement patterns called flexion and extension synergies.Accumulating evidence indicates that these synergies emerge because of upregulation of diffusely projecting brainstem mo

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Dynamical systems theory of cellular reprogramming

In cellular reprogramming, almost all epigenetic memories of differentiated cells are erased by the overexpression of a few genes, resulting in regaining pluripotency, the potential for differentiation.Considering the interplay between oscillatory Hoodies/Fleece gene expression and slower epigenetic modifications, such reprogramming is perceived as

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